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In modern day, anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several branches or subfields.
在現代，人類學是一門公認的社會科學，有兩大領域和幾個分支（即子領域）。
Okay. First, what are the two broad fields?
首先，兩大領域是什么？
They are physical anthropology and cultural anthropology.
它們是體質人類學和文化人類學。
Let me give you a brief description of each.
讓我給大家分別簡單介紹一下。
Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of man as a mammal.
體質人類學研究的是人類作為哺乳動物的發展過程。
Related subjects are anatomy, biology and paleontology.
相關學科有解剖學、生物學和古生物學。
Physical anthropologists study the evolution of the human species.
體質人類學家研究人類物種的進化。
One way they do this is by examining the fossils of what were once living creatures and living primates.
體質人類學的研究方式之一是對一些曾經有生命的生物或靈長類動物的化石進行研究。
Those include human beings. Common fossils are shells, bones and molds and imprints.
其中包括人類。常見的化石有貝殼、骨骼、霉菌和印痕。
These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen in glaciers.
它們被發現埋在地下或永久凍結在冰川中。
Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.
為了研究人類種群的進化機制和遺傳差異，對現存的靈長類動物進行了分析。
Ok. Next, let's talk about cultural anthropology.
好的。接下來，我們來談談文化人類學。
This field is the study of learned behavior in human societies.
這個領域是對人類社會中習得行為的研究。
Most cultural anthropologists will limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn, with the Navajo Indians in the southwestern United States.
大多數文化人類學家會把自己限制在幾個地理區域，例如瑪格麗特·米德研究薩摩亞和新幾內亞，克萊德·克魯克霍恩研究美國西南部的納瓦霍印第安人。
I should mention that Kluckhohn's work, which is Mirror for Man, is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology.
值得一提的是，克魯克霍恩的著作《人類的鏡子》被認為是最好的人類學介紹性著作之一。
Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture.
我們會在下一講中更詳細地討論文化人類學和人類文化的科學研究。
Today we just take a brief look at the subfields of cultural anthropology.
今天，我們只是簡單地介紹一下文化人類學的分支。
They are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.
它們是考古學、語言學和人種學。
So, what is archaeology? It is the study of different cultures through material sources, through historical objects that still remain today rather than direct interviews or observations of the group under study.
什么是考古學？考古學是通過物質來源，通過至今仍然保留的歷史物品來研究不同的文化，而不是直接采訪或觀察所研究的群體。
One famous example of archaeological study is King Tut's Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, which was discovered in 1922.
考古研究的一個著名例子是1922年在埃及盧克索附近發現的圖坦卡蒙法老墓。
Another subfield of cultural anthropology is linguistics, as I said just now.
正如我剛才所提到的，文化人類學的另一個分支是語言學。
As you probably know, linguistics is the study of language as communication among humans.
你可能已經知道，語言學是以人類交流語言為研究對象的學科。
Culture is learned and transmitted primarily through language.
文化主要是通過語言學習和傳播的。
